Understanding construction labor costs is essential for good project management and improving construction KPI metrics. This post will give you some pointers on efficiently calculating and tracking labor costs.

Construction labor costs: Fast facts

According to the industry-standard Construction Labor Market Analyzer (CLMA), labor cost percentages in construction lie between 20% and 40% of the total project budget.

In 2024, labor costs in the construction industry are expected to remain a significant portion of total project costs, typically ranging between 20% and 40%, consistent with historical trends. This percentage is driven by various factors, including the ongoing shortage of skilled labor, rising wages, and regulatory changes.

The Department of Labor’s overhaul of the Davis-Bacon Act has reinstated the “3-step” calculation for prevailing wages, which is expected to increase wage rates in regions with moderate-to-weak union presence. Additionally, construction wages in Canada are projected to increase by around 4% to 6% in 2024, following a similar trend observed in 2023 where wages saw a notable increase due to labor shortages and rising costs.

Overall, while material costs have seen some stabilization, labor costs continue to rise, driven by the demand for skilled workers and regulatory changes impacting wage structures.

Costs that fall under the labor umbrella include not just wages but also things like:

• payroll taxes
• paid time off
• worker’s compensation and other forms of insurance
• equipment such as vehicles and company phones
• payroll fraud (which is more common and subtle than you might think)
• recruiting and training costs

As you can see, construction labor costs are very multi-faceted. Sometimes, it may even be the most complex aspect of project financials.

Average Construction Labor Rates

Before diving into calculating labor costs in construction, let’s look at the average rates for various types of work. This is based on national data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. It includes averages across the entire construction workforce for the specified types of projects.

Type of Construction Labor	Mean Hourly Wage (2024)
Foundation and Building Exterior	$26.19
Utility Systems	$27.68
Non-Residential Building	$28.52
Residential Building	$24.73
Specialty Contractors	$25.41

How to calculate labor costs in construction

When calculating construction labor costs, the goal is to uncover the base rate and labor burden. These two metrics will help you accurately determine construction labor rates when added together.

Here’s how to calculate labor costs in construction based on these two metrics.

Calculating your base rate

Your base rate is the unit (i.e., hourly) labor cost. You arrive at this figure by adding the various rates each project worker pays. Say, for example, you have a construction crew that looks like this:

• Foreman: $30/hr
• Concrete Pourer: $28/hr
• Framer: $25/hr

Your base cost for this crew would be $30 + $28 + $25 = $83.

Position	Hourly Rate
Foreman	$30/hr
Concrete Pourer	$28/hr
Framer	$25/hr
Total	$83/hr

Of course, this doesn’t tell the full story. As we mentioned earlier, there are other labor-related costs you need to factor in.

The labor burden metric identifies a few of these factors.

Calculating your labor burden

The labor burden includes state and federal fees for each worker. These fees pay for things such as the Federal Insurance Contributions Act (FICA), Federal Unemployment Act (FUTA), Medicare, and Social Security at the federal level, as well as the State Unemployment Tax Act (SUTA).

You’ll also typically need to pay General Liability and Worker’s Compensation.

According to the IRS, federal employee expenses as of 2020 are 7.65% (FICA) and 6% (FUTA). The percentage allocated to SUTA can vary, of course, depending on where you live. It might be 3% or perhaps even lower or higher. We’ll stick with 4% for the purposes of this example.

Based on these state and federal figures, here’s what your labor burden calculation might look like. Remember that you’ll also need to incorporate General Liability and Worker’s Compensation based on whatever rate your company has received.

• Foreman ($30/hr): 7.65% FICA + 6% FUTA + 4% SUTA = $5.295/hr
• Concrete Pourer ($28/hr): 7.65% FICA + 6% FUTA + 4% SUTA = $4.94/hr
• Framer ($25/hr): 7.65% FICA + 6% FUTA + 4% SUTA = $4.4125/hr

Those figures (plus, remember, General Liability and Worker’s Compensation at your company’s rate) inform you of your labor burden for each employee.

From here, all you need to do is add the labor burden and cost for each employee, which gives you a construction labor rate of $97.6475 per hour.

Position	Base Hourly Rate	FICA (7.65%)	FUTA (6%)	SUTA (4%)	Total Additional Costs	Total Labor Burden
Foreman	$30/hr	$2.295/hr	$1.8/hr	$1.2/hr	$5.295/hr	$35.295/hr
Concrete Pourer	$28/hr	$2.142/hr	$1.68/hr	$1.12/hr	$4.94/hr	$32.94/hr
Framer	$25/hr	$1.9125/hr	$1.5/hr	$1/hr	$4.4125/hr	$29.4125/hr
Total	$83/hr	$6.3495/hr	$5/hr	$3.32/hr	$14.6475/hr	$97.6475/hr

Incorporating inefficiencies

While our calculations thus far give you a decent approximation, they’re not perfect. In addition to leaving out General Liability and Worker’s Compensation, we haven’t incorporated benefits – another cost that varies far too widely across North America for us to provide a meaningful generalization.

Incorporating these costs on your own is simple, however. Just divide the monthly expenditure on these items by the units of work (hours), and you’ll have your figure.

However, what may be less obvious are the inefficiencies you also need to account for. These can be staggering.

Analysis has consistently shown that a large percentage of workers (43% according to one study, to be exact) exaggerate the number of hours worked. One commonly-mentioned statistic from the American Payroll Association indicates 42 minutes of time theft per day per employee.

If you don’t include this figure when calculating your labor cost percentage in construction, you may find yourself constantly puzzled about cost overruns.

Thankfully, this is also simple to address. At an average of 42 minutes daily, tack an extra 70% of one hour’s wages to your worker’s daily base cost.

This will give you a conservative estimate of how much the worker costs you, including unproductive time.

Side note: Time theft doesn’t have to be inevitable

Construction companies have been fighting against time theft for centuries. In 2020, however, there are many tools you can leverage to reduce the detrimental impacts. Bridgit Bench, for example, allows you to track workforce utilization rates. This will clearly indicate whether your team is being used to its full capacity.

Check out this article for a list of construction project management tools, some of which also help reduce time theft.

The bottom line is that you have options for dealing with time theft. It’s still a very persistent type of fraud, so you’ll want to factor it into your calculations somehow – but you can work to minimize it (and get numbers specific to your company and its workers in the process).

Tying it all together

Of course, your calculations don’t end at figuring out hourly rates (not including the construction closeout process). You can take those figures and uncover more meaningful metrics. Here’s how that might look, sticking with our used numbers.

• $97.6475/hr (base cost and labor burden) + $7.2625/hr (assuming 42 minutes of time theft for each employee daily, spread out over an eight-hour workday) x 40 (assuming a total workload of 40 hours per week) x 26 (rough number of weeks in a six month period, assuming that’s the length of the project) = $109,106.4.

That would be a reliable estimate of your construction labor costs for the entire project.

Remember the question we addressed earlier – what percentage of construction cost is labor? This is where you can compare. If your labor costs are far beyond the 20% to 40% average throughout the industry (or data you’ve collected, if you have your own), you may have some work to do in addressing the exorbitance.

The importance of knowing your construction labor cost

Construction labor cost calculations can lay a solid foundation for accurate estimates. After all, construction companies arguably have more control over labor costs than, say, material costs.

Now that you know how to calculate labor costs in construction, you’re well-equipped to have meaningful conversations about project financials.

Check out this article for some more tips on successfully managing construction projects.

Construction labor cost FAQ

What is the formula for labor cost per minute?

Divide the hourly labor cost by 60. For example, if the labor cost is $30 per hour, it would be $0.50 per minute.

How do you estimate labor for construction?

You can estimate labor costs by calculating the base rate and labor burden. Add these two together to get the total hourly cost of labor. Multiply this number by the estimated hours required for a project to get the total labor cost.

What is the average labor cost percentage?

The average labor cost percentage per construction project is between 20% and 40%. Of course, this percentage can vary depending on factors such as the project’s complexity, location, and available skilled labor.

Why is construction labor so expensive?

Construction labor is expensive because the cost includes wages, taxes, benefits, insurance, and other related costs. Skilled labor is currently in high demand, requires specialized training, and can be hard to attract and retain. 

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